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1.1 Preface
1.2
Introduction to the Project
1.2.1
Section Contents
1.2.2
Introduction
1.2.3
Identity, place and time
1.2.4
Research problematics: study region and GIS approach
1.2.5
Previous research
1.2.5.1 The Holocene environment
1.2.5.2 Lowland settlement patterns
1.2.5.3 Upland - lowland interactions
1.2.6
Summary of UTP objectives
1.2.7
Parallel research programmes
1.2.8
Fieldwork, excavation and analysis
1.2.9
Project Participants
1.3 Summary of Project
fieldwork
1.3.1
Section Contents
1.3.2
September 1991 / Easter 1992 (Polgár lowlands)
1.3.3
September 1992 / Easter 1993 (Bodrogkoz floodplain)
1.3.4
September 1993 (Zemplén Mountains) / Easter 1994
(Polgár lowlands)
1.3.5
September 1994 (Polgár lowlands)
1.3.6
August 1995 (Zemplén Mountains)
1.3.7
July - August 1996 (Polgár lowlands)
1.3.8
Summer 2000 (Polgár lowlands)
1.3.9
Easter 2001 (Bodrogkoz)
1.4 Mode of publication
1.5 Project publications and
reports
1.5.1
Section Contents
1.5.2
Publications
1.5.3
Unpublished reports
1.5.4
British Academy Reports
1.5.5
Student dissertations and theses
1.5.6
Other research reports
1.6 References
1.7 List of Tables
1.8 List of Figures
INTRODUCTION
2.1
Archaeological field survey in Hungary - a brief
history
2.1.1
Section Contents
2.1.2
Early survey programmes
2.1.3
The Hungarian Archaeological Topography
2.1.4
Recent advances
2.2
Field survey methods and GIS investigations
2.2.1
Section Contents
2.2.2
Introduction
2.2.3
Field methods
2.2.3.1 Targeted collection
2.2.3.2 Intensive field walking
2.2.3.2.1 Block 1 (Polgár Block)
2.2.3.2.2 Block 2 (Bodrogkoz Block)
2.2.3.2.3 Block 3 (Zemplén Block)
2.2.3.3 Intra-site gridded and transect collection
2.2.3.4
Topographic (humps-and-bumps) survey
2.2.3.5 Tacheometric survey
2.2.3.6 Geophysical survey
2.2.3.7 Aerial survey
2.2.3.8 Lithic raw material source reconnaissance
2.2.4
Geographical Information Systems research in the Polgár
Block
2.2.4.1 Primary data layers
2.2.4.2 Secondary data layers
2.2.5
Summary
2.3 Creation of the Gazetteers
2.4
Analytical Principles for Fieldwalking Data
2.4.1
Section Contents
2.4.2
Introduction
2.4.3
Framework for the interpretation of pottery discard densities
2.4.3.1 Inter-quartile ranges
2.4.3.2 Block 1 IQRs, general collection
2.4.3.3 Block 1 IQRs, intra-site gridded collection
2.4.3.4 Interpretation of surface ceramic data
2.4.4
Framework for the interpretation of surface lithics data
2.4.4.1 Raw materials and general principles
2.4.4.2 Block 1 lithics
2.4.4.3 Block 2 lithics
2.4.4.4 Block 3 lithics
2.4.4.5 Intra-site gridded collection of lithics
2.4.5
Summary
BLOCK I : POLGÁR BLOCK
2.I.1
Physical geography and Quaternary history of the North East
Alföld and the Polgár Block
2.I.1.1
Section Contents
2.I.1.2
Introduction
2.I.1.3
Present vegetation and climate
2.I.1.3.1 The deciduous woodland
2.I.1.3.2 The deciduous woodland
2.I.1.3.3 Coniferous woodland and grasslands
2.I.1.3.3.1 Normal grasslands
2.I.1.3.3.2 Wet grasslands
2.I.1.3.2.3 Saline grasslands
2.I.1.4
Climate
2.I.1.5
Quaternary vegetation and climate history
2.I.1.6
Quaternary river channel and floodplain development
2.I.1.7
Soils of the area around Polgár
2.I.1.8
Conclusions
2.I.2 Land use
potential of the Polgár Block
2.I.2.1
Section Contents
2.I.2.2
Introduction
2.I.2.3
The Study Area
2.I.2.3.1 The Pleistocene Surfaces
2.I.2.3.2 The Floodplain
2.I.2.3.3 Changes over time
2.I.2.4
Land Use Potential of the Pleistocene Surfaces
2.I.2.4.1 The Sand Hills
2.I.2.4.2 Loess Hills
2.I.2.4.3 Wet Hollóws
2.I.2.4.4 Discussion
2.I.2.5
Land Use Potential of the Floodplain
2.I.2.5.1 Modern Alluvium (88-90 m)
2.I.2.5.2 Middle Holocene adjacent to active river
channels (90- 92 m)
2.I.2.5.3 High Middle Holocene, isolated from active
channels (91-93m)
2.I.2.5.4 Low Middle Holocene, isolated from active
channels (<91 m)
2.I.2.5.5 Low Middle Holocene, isolated from active
channels (<91 m)
2.I.2.5.6 Discussion
2.I.2.6
Suitability of the Land Types
2.I.2.6.1 Winter cereals
2.I.2.6.2 Summer Vegetables
2.I.2.6.3 Fruit and nuts
2.I.2.6.4 Grazing
2.I.2.7
Overall Land Quality
2.I.3
The Polgár Block Gazetteer
Map
Extract 1
Map
Extract 2
Map
Extract 3
Map
Extract 4
Map
Extract 5
Map Extract 6
Map
Extract 7
Map
Extract 8
Map
Extract 9
Map
Extract 10
Map
Extract 11
Map
Extract 12
Map
Extract 13
Map
Extract 14
Map
Extract 15
Map
Extract 16
Map
Extract 17
Map
Extract 18
Map
Extract 19
Map
Extract 20
Map
Extract 21
Map
Extract 22
Map
Extract 23
Map
Extract 24
Map
Extract 25
Map
Extract 26
Map
Extract 27
Map
Extract 28
Map
Extract 29
Map
Extract 30
Map
Extract 31
Map
Extract 32
Map Extract 33
Map
Extract 34
Map
Extract 35
Map
Extract 36
Map
Extract 37
Map
Extract 38
Map
Extract 39
Map
Extract 40
Map
Extract 41
Map Extract 42
Map
Extract 43
Table 1.42 Single Finds, by Map Co-ordinates, not on
any Site Map Extracts
Table 1.43 List of Finds Illustrations by Site
2.I.4
Intra-site gridded collection: the results
2.I.4.1
Section Contents
2.I.4.2
Introduction
2.I.4.3
Polgár 47 and 49
2.I.4.4
Polgár 46
2.I.4.5
Polgár 1
2.I.4.6
Polgár 23
2.I.4.7
Polgár 60
2.I.4.8
Polgár 70
2.I.4.9
Tiszagyulaháza 5
2.I.4.10 Tiszadob 1
2.I.4.11 Tiszadob 27
2.I.4.12 Tiszavasvári 30
2.I.4.13 Discussion and summary
2.I.5
Interpretation of field survey data
2.I.5.1
Section Contents
2.I.5.2 From fieldwalking to Multi-Community
Zones
2.I.5.3The definition of Multi-Community Zones in Block
1
2.I.5.3.1 MCZ 1: the Basa tanya peninsula
2.I.5.3.2 MCZ 2: the South Polgár lowlands
2.I.5.3.3 MCZ 3: the Csőszhalom terrace
2.I.5.3.4 MCZ 4: the Hodos channel
2.I.5.3.5 MCZ 5: the Kengyel meander
2.I.5.3.6 MCZ 6: the Tikos group
2.I.5.3.7 MCZ 7: the Tiszagyulaháza
floodplain
2.I.5.3.8 MCZ 7: the Tiszagyulaháza
floodplain
2.I.5.3.9 MCZ 9: the Tiszadada sand-hills
2.I.5.3.10 MCZ 10: the Tiszavasvári lowlands
2.I.5.4
General perspectives on Block 1 fieldwalking results
2.I.5.5
MCZ results
2.I.5.5.1 MCZ 2 The South Polgár Lowlands
2.I.5.5.2 MCZ 3 The Csőszhalom terrace
2.I.5.5.3 MCZ 7 The Tiszagyulaháza Lowlands
2.I.5.5.4 MCZ 9 The Tiszadada Sandhills
2.I.5.6
Commentaries on three phases from the settlement sequence
2.I.5.6.1 Middle Neolithic settlement in Block 1
2.I.5.6.1.1 Settlement and Landscape in the Middle
Neolithic
2.I.5.6.1.2 Looking for general spatial patterns
2.I.5.6.1.3 The environmental context
2.I.5.6.1.4 Summary of Middle Neolithic settlement
2.I.5.6.2 Bronze Age settlement in Block 1
2.I.5.6.2.1 Summary of Bronze Age settlement
2.I.5.6.3 Sarmatian settlement in Block 1
2.I.5.6.3.1 Summary of Sarmatian settlement
2.I.6 Summary of main results,
Polgár Block
2.I.6.1
Section Contents
2.I.6.2
Introduction
2.I.6.3
Interpretive framework
2.I.6.4
Individual site biographies
2.I.6.5
Multi-community zones
2.I.6.6
General perspectives on the Polgár Block
2.I.6.7
Endwords